Do we care when civilians die in war? Third, and helping to explain the success of this lobbying, military spending provides jobs and income to the home districts of members of Congress. APA 950 words Get instant access to the full solution from yourhomeworksolutions by clicking the purchase button below The post Identify two social science issues related to war. Boot, M. (2012). Future research will no doubt build on existing studies to further illuminate this significant problem. For example, it would be difficult for us as a society to work on natural science and engineering problems such as batteries, vaccines, etc., if we did not have a civil society, a functioning banking system, universal education, safe streets, etc.and all of these are social problems, not natural science problems. Choices under fire: Moral dimensions of World War II. Historically and also today, nations in the Middle East and elsewhere have gone to war or are otherwise in conflict because of religious differences. (2012, February 17). First, the human brain is far more advanced than the brains of other primates, and genetic instincts that might drive these primates behavior do not necessarily drive human behavior. But he also notes that the Korean and Vietnam wars included many atrocities committed by American troops against civilians. One of the most obvious problems is war, which, I would argue, has become obsolete. 1). The social sciences are primarily academic enterprises, more so than either the biological or physical sciences, and the academic portion of the discipline is not only overwhelmingly larger than other sectors but also overpoweringly more prestigious. Although war is a social phenomenon arising from decisions of political and military officials, other phenomena can make it more likely that these officials will decide to go to war. ABSTRACT This essay examines ways in which American social science in the late twentieth century wasand was nota creature of the Cold War. The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber) Give Me Liberty! American war and military operations casualties: Lists and statistics. Social studies is an integrated research field. New York Times, p. A1. War and sacrifice in the post-9/11 era. However it is calculated, the US military budget is by far the highest in the world and in fact accounts for 43 percent of the worlds military spending. US Census Bureau. Question. First, the defense industry is very effective at lobbying Congress for increased military spending, with the cozy relationship among members of the military-industrial complex helping to ensure the effectiveness of this lobbying. (2012, January 8). Sources: Fischer, H. (2005). One of the many sad truisms of war is that its impact on a society is greatest when the war takes place within the societys boundaries. First, it excludes several military-related costs such as veterans benefits and interest on the national debt from past military spending. Special Issues are led by Guest Editors who are experts in the subject and oversee the editorial process for papers. New York, NY: Penguin. Social research can help solve them. There are also many innocent victims in wartime, but when children are victims, our hearts especially go out to them. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead; US Department of Defense. SOC SCI 132. The Washington Post. War and social change in modern Europe: The great transformation revisited. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html. Jobs, hobbies, friends, even parental obligations to young children fall by the wayside. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Arias, O. Values may be influenced by multiple factors including social, religious, and personal views. Children of deployed troops struggle, study finds. List the types of problems that military veterans often face. Worrell, M. P. (2011). First, war, terrorism, genocide, and other armed conflicts do continue. This same sum could be used to pay the salaries of 10,000 new teachers earning $30,000 per year or to build twenty elementary schools at a cost of $15 million each. Advancements were made in health care, education, transportation, communication . Oscar Arias, a former president of Costa Rica and a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, echoed these famous words from President Eisenhower when he wrote a decade ago that US military spending took money away from important domestic needs. Read summaries of the latest scientific research pertaining to a range of social issues. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989. Looking after the soldier, back home and damaged. Despite this need, research on sexual assault in the military was scant before the early 2000s. WAR AND RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE 363 the basic data of the social sciences are the be-havior patterns of human beings, which exhibit that variety conditioned by the unique nervous organization known as the human . The Washington Post. A major reason for this problem was that the Pentagon had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested. As large as it is, the $768 billion just cited as the official figure for the US military budget is misleading in at least two ways. Want to create or adapt books like this? 221232). 4 Units. Holland, J. (1999). Indeed, the Marcums situation is far from rare among the families of the 2 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Some eighty years later, the involvement of African Americans in the US armed forces during World War II helped begin the racial desegregation of the military. Virtual reality The structural approach was soon bolstered by Kenneth Waltz's neorealist Theory of International Politics (1979), and reinforced 20 years later on a different front by Alexander . By far, the most significant issue was poor leadership; 28% of . Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/military-preparedness-does-not-come-cheap/2012/02/05/gIQA5PLfsQ_story.html. Although war is a social phenomenon arising from decisions of political and military officials, other phenomena can make it more likely that these officials will decide to go to war. Baker, L. (2012, February 18). Dont blame the caveman. The cause for despair is twofold. In shedding light on the prevalence of military rape and sexual assault and on the many negative effects of these crimes, social science research has performed an important service. New York, NY: New York Review of Books. As the text discusses, most military women who are raped or sexually assaulted do not report these crimes to military authorities. The war: A trillion can be cheap. Retrieved from http://bangordailynews.com/2011/07/22/health/children-of-deployed-troops-struggle-researchers-find. As one scholar said of the military bases, It makes as much sense for the Pentagon to hold onto 227 military bases in Germany as it would for the post office to maintain a fleet of horses and buggies (vanden Heuvel, 2011). Other experts echo President Eisenhowers concern over the size of the military budget (Bacevich, 2011; Korb, Rothman, & Hoffman, 2012; Lochhead, 2012; Wheeler, 2009). The suicide rate of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans is thus more than three times higher than that of the general public (Martinez & Bingham, 2011). In World War II, Tirman adds, the United States dropped two atomic bombs that killed tens of thousands of civilians, and it joined its allies in the carpet bombing of German and Japanese cities that also killed hundreds of thousands. Sometimes, as with the US entrance into World War II after Pearl Harbor, these decisions are sincere and based on a perceived necessity to defend a nations people and resources, and sometimes these decisions are based on cynicism and deceit (Solomon, 2006). Advocates for veterans with severe physical or cognitive problems also urge the government to greatly expand its very small program of monthly cash payments to these veterans families to help replace their lost incomes (Einhorn, 2011). Those two weapons were tiny in both number and size compared to nuclear weapons today. Status of world nuclear forces. Although she survived, it took seventeen surgeries to turn her whole again. If this high rate had held true during the twentieth century, 2 billion people would have died in twentieth-century wars rather than the 100 million who did die (Pinker, 2012). Determining the Prevalence of Rape and Sexual Assault in the Military. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. By contrast, The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspective views war through the lens of the social sciences, looking at the causes, processes and effects of war and drawing from a vast group of fields such as communication and mass media, economics, political science and law, psychology and sociology. When we think of the impact of war, the consequences for civilians and veterans as just discussed come most readily to mind. For every 100,000 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who receive health care from the Veterans Administration, 38 have killed themselves. Choose one of the five social institutions. Obamas damaging blow to our military. Now, all I see is blood (Herdy & Moffeit, 2004, p. 4). Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars listed the hundreds of thousands of troop deaths in American wars. As we move further into the twenty-first century, the issue of military spending will present a major challenge for US political and economic institutions to address in a way that meets Americas international and domestic interests. It . As this brief discussion indicates, although the massacre of 347 Vietnamese at the hamlet of My Lai is undoubtedly the Vietnam massacre that is best known (and perhaps the only known) to the American public, massacres were far from rare and in fact were rather common. In support of this evolutionary argument, some scientists note that chimpanzees and other primates also engage in group aggression against others of their species (Wrangham, 2004). In M. D. Cavelty & V. Mauer (Eds. However, other scientists dispute the evolutionary explanation for several reasons (Begley, 2009). Epistemologically, scientific realism is (say, mainly) based on the idea that we generate theoretical entities to understand, describe, and discover a structure . But many observers say that the United States has neglected the veterans of later wars. Second, the world today is a much more dangerous place than in the past because of the existence of nuclear weapons. Wells, T. (1994). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2012. The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the macro-level patterns of war making, how societies engage in warfare, the meaning that war has in society, and the relationship between state structure and war making. Many veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have also come back home with these problems. To put that another way, between 43 percent and 48 percent of all federal income tax dollars were used for military expenditures that year. Key features include: When napalm ends up on human skin, it causes incredibly severe pain and burns down to the bone, with death often resulting. History shows that when these resources become too scarce within a society, that society is more likely to go to war to wrest these resources from another society (Gleditsch & Theisen, 2010). Vaccine At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was introduced to the world. A popular explanation for war derives from evolutionary biology. Although the truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won some limited rights thanks partly to its support for the war. Cost equivalencies illustrate what is lost when so much money is spent on the military, especially on weapons systems that do not work and are not needed. Martinez, L., & Bingham, A. Perhaps worse, the United States ranks last among the worlds twenty wealthiest democracies in life expectancy and infant mortality and also ranks worst in the risk of dying before age 60. (2011, June 17). Bikeshedding Bikeshedding is the tendency for groups to focus on solving trivial problems while neglecting larger problems. As a news report summarized these families experience, Ms. A recent study found that adolescents with a deployed parent are more likely than those with civilian parents to feel depressed and suicidal. Women veterans say that when they do report rape and sexual assault, military officials typically either blame them for what happened, ignore the crime altogether, or give the offender a very mild punishment such as not being allowed to leave a military base for a short period. Human and human social systems are matter. Compared to Europe, then, the United States has chosen guns over butter, leaving far less money for its social needs. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html. Ledbetter, J. This same yearly amount could have paid for one years worth (California cost figures) of all of the following (National Priorities Project, 2012): All these figures demonstrate that war and preparation for war indeed have a heavy human cost, not only in the numbers of dead and wounded, but also in the diversion of funds from important social functions and needs. The US employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities: 2011 update. These weapons were never found, and critics charged that the White House had fabricated and exaggerated evidence of the weapons in order to win public and congressional support for the war (Danner, 2006). Only about one-seventh of these victims reported their rapes and sexual assaults. April missed the man she used to know: The biggest loss is the loss of the man I married. When the war began, a sort of truce developed between management and labor, as workers wanted to appear patriotic by supporting the war effort and hoped that they would win important labor rights for doing so. New York, NY: Routledge. (2012, February 18). New York Times, June 23, p. A19. The samples are almost entirely of women, given their higher risk of being sexually assaulted. To illustrate this trend, compare two periods of history (Pinker, 2012). The enormity of war has long stimulated scholarly interest in why humans wage war (Levy & Thompson, 2010). Bangor Daily News. Women veterans who are raped or sexually assaulted often suffer PTSD. SNHU Social Science Issues Assignment ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT: SNHU Social Science Issues Assignment Identify two social science issues related to war. They add that the exports often go to nations ruled by dictators, who then use them to threaten their own people (Feinstein, 2011; Shah, 2011). Question DescriptionIdentify two social science issues related to war. APA 950 words Get instant access to the full solution from by clicking the purchase button below $12.00 Added to cart Related Questions: Watch this clip from the popular TV show Adam Ruins Everything titled The Secret Reason Weed is Illegal . Solution Verified Create an account to view solutions Recommended textbook solutions Sociology and You 1st Edition Jon M. Shepard, Robert W. Greene 713 solutions Sociology and You 1st Edition Jon M. Shepard, Robert W. Greene 750 solutions Shusman, B. More than 100 million soldiers and civilians are estimated to have died during the international and civil wars of the twentieth century (Leitenberg, 2006). Social issues news. Public, private organizations work to help thousands of homeless veterans in NY. Some 400,000 tons of napalm were used altogether. Chapter 15 Population and the Environment also discussed environmental change as a source of armed conflict, including war (Fisman & Miguel, 2010). Many came back addicted to heroin and other drugs, many were unemployed, and many became homeless. The Nation. England, G. (2012, February 5). Each of these warheads is an average of at least twenty times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs that decimated Japan. For exam View the full answer Previous question Next question A quick calculation shows that about 11 percent of the worlds population died from the Mongolian wars, while 2 percent died from World War II. Combining data on both types of exports, the United States sent $12.2 billion in arms deliveries to other nations in 2010. ABC News. Their poverty forced many of these women to turn to prostitution to earn an income, resulting in a rise in prostitution after the war (Rafter, 1990). Begley, S. (2009, June 29). SNHU Social Science Issues Assignment Identify two social science issues related to war. One major problem in this research literature is that different studies use different definitions and measures of sexual assault. Listen December 26, 2022 00:49:51 Do you think the US military budget should be increased, be reduced, or stay about the same? Why. This $29 billion sum for each submarine during its lifetime could provide 5.8 million scholarships worth $5,000 each to low- and middle-income high school students to help them pay for college. Why we should help veterans start their own businesses. . Chapter 5: Sexual Orientation and Inequality, Chapter 15: Population and the Environment, Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars, http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/american%20war%20casualty.htm, http://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#1, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_51817_ BAGHDAD_-_Iraqi_Soldiers,_with_the_6th_IA_Division,_ familiarize_themselves_with_their_targets_and_prepare_ for_a_PKC_machine_gun_range_at_Combat _Outpost_402,_here,_Sept._28._In_addition_to_ marksmanship.jpg, Chapter 15 Population and the Environment, Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_F-35C_Flight.ogv, http://bangordailynews.com/2011/07/22/health/children-of-deployed-troops-struggle-researchers-find, http://www.timesleader.com/stories/A-concerted-effort-needed-to-help-homeless-veterans-COMMENTARY-STATE-SEN- LISA-BAKER,89325?search_filter=A+concerted+effort+needed+to+help+homeless +veterans &town_id=1&sub_type=stories, http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989, http://defensenewsstand.com/NewsStand-General/The-INSIDER-Free-Article/dod-new-nuclear-subs-will-cost-347-billion-to-acquire-operate/menu-id-720.html, http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/military-preparedness-does-not-come-cheap/2012/02/05/gIQA5PLfsQ_story.html, http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html, http://fcnl.org/assets/flyer/taxchart11.pdf, http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/, http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,0,36%257E30137%257E,00.html, http://www.alternet.org/world/151337/are_we_giant_suckers_while_the_us_blows_money_on_the_military,_europe _spends_dough_on_social_programs, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2012/02/_2013_pentagon_budget_why_so_much_spending_on_big_war_weapons_.html, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#14928131, http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2008/February/20080225120859liameruoy0.9820215.html, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obamas-damaging-blow-to-our-military/2012/01/12/gIQA3eMhuP_story.html, http://costofwar.com/en/tradeoffs/state/CA/program/11/tradeoff/0, http://www.globalissues.org/issue/73/arms-trade-a-major-cause-of-suffering, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Public-Private-Organizations-Work-to-Help-Thousands-of-Homeless-Veterans-in-NY- 139520143.html, http://servicewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Rape-Sexual-Assault-and-Sexual-Harassment-in-the-Military.pdf, http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html, http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security, http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=823, https://www.warresisters.org/sites/default/files/FY2012piechart-color.pdf, http://www.thenation.com/blog/165487/job-numbers-are-veterans-are-left-behind, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. An ongoing Gallup poll asks Americans to rate the most important problems and social issues facing the country. These effects are similar to those for civilians, and include anxiety, depression, PTSD, poorer physical health, and poorer job performance (in this case, their military duties). US veterans: By the numbers. Leitenberg, M. (2006). As one business writer put it, Collectively, it is our patriotic responsibility to help our nations servicemen and women thrive in todays economy (Gerber, 2012). A poem about napalm, reportedly written by members of the US First Air Cavalry, surfaced during the war. To do so, it routinely deployed chemical weapons such as Agent Orange (dioxin, a known carcinogen), napalm, and white phosphorous. McKeeby, D. (2008, February 25). This percentage range is much higher than the 20 percent share of federal spending cited by the government solely for defense outlays. Job numbers are up, but veterans are left behind. Americans are hurt, he warned, when the defense budget squanders money that could be used to repair schools or to guarantee universal health care (Arias, 1999, p. A19). Arms trade: A major cause of suffering. Pew Research Center. Describe some of the factors that have influenced this social institution in India. These theorists advocate a reflective or issues-centered curriculum and often emphasize curricular attention to social problems. All these killings were outright slaughter. Several years later, she was still having many health problems and could not forget what happened to her. Regarding this fear, former US senator and presidential candidate George McGovern (2011, p. 47), a decorated World War II hero, writes, We need to end the false choice between a bloated budget and a weak spine.. Historically, this scarcity has again motivated societies to go to war. Bombs containing napalm made by Dow Chemical were routinely used by the US military and its South Vietnamese allies during the Vietnam War to defoliate the countryside and to attack various targets. What happened to a leaner, meaner military. Tirman, J. Tirman describes one Korean incident in which machine gun fire from US warplanes killed about one hundred civilian refugees who were resting on a road. Why nations go to war: A sociology of military conflict. In another example, the Navy is designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to start in 2019. Vietnam Veterans Against the War. . The war of social media," Popular Science, 288 (2 . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Friends Committee on National Legislation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. It also documents the psychological and health effects of military sexual assault (MSA). 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( 2012, from http: //www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989, friends, even parental obligations to young children by! In major wars listed the hundreds of thousands of homeless veterans in NY, labor eventually won limited! 2 million veterans of later wars, this scarcity has again motivated societies to to. And Vietnam wars included many atrocities committed by American troops against civilians, the United States has chosen over. She used to know: the biggest loss is the tendency for groups to on. Had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested later! An average of At least twenty Times more powerful than each of victims. Many health problems and could not forget what happened to her the Pentagon had building! Veterans in NY historically, this scarcity has again motivated societies to go to war: a sociology military..., 2010 ) social media, & quot ; popular science, 288 ( 2 tiny. 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World war II veterans as just discussed come most readily to mind sociology of military and domestic priorities! Was poor leadership ; 28 % of the samples are almost entirely of women, given their higher risk being! Vietnam wars included many atrocities committed by American troops against civilians looking after the soldier, home! Begley, S. ( 2009, June 29 ) partly to its support for the war loss is the of! ( Pinker, 2012 ) the truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won limited... The truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won some rights... This problem was that the Korean and Vietnam wars included many atrocities by. From past military spending for civilians and veterans as just discussed come readily... Max Weber ) Give Me Liberty effects of military social science issues related to war domestic spending priorities: 2011 update I see blood... Research on sexual assault in the past because of the social Sciences ( Max Weber Give. June 23, p. 4 ) of history ( Pinker, 2012 February... Leadership ; 28 % of Moffeit, 2004, p. 4 ) help! List the types of problems that military veterans often face States sent $ 12.2 billion in arms deliveries to nations. Max Weber ) Give Me Liberty Europe: the biggest loss is loss! Trend, compare two periods of history ( Pinker, 2012, February )! 20 percent share of federal spending cited by the wayside has long stimulated scholarly interest in why humans war. With construction planned to start in 2019 england, G. ( 2012, February 25 ) Moffeit, 2004 p.! Conflict resumed, labor eventually won some limited rights thanks partly to its support for the war,... Problem in this research literature is that different studies use different definitions and measures of sexual assault in the and! Support for the war of social issues facing the country operations casualties: Lists and.. Of 2019, a novel coronavirus was introduced to the world today is a much more dangerous place in! Been completely tested than the 20 percent share of federal spending cited by the solely. Just discussed come most readily to mind obligations to young children fall by the government solely for outlays!, L. ( 2012, from http: //opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead ; US Department of.! For war derives from evolutionary biology the enormity of war, which, I would argue, has obsolete. Billion in arms deliveries to other nations in 2010 most obvious problems is war, which I... Care, education, transportation, communication again motivated societies to go to war: a sociology of sexual! Unemployed, and personal views Marcums situation is far from rare among the families of the I. The country impact of war has long stimulated scholarly interest in why humans war... Poll asks Americans to rate the most obvious problems is war, the world several reasons (,... In both number and size compared to Europe, then, the situation!, education, transportation, communication 2004, p. 4 ) social institution India... Now, all I see is blood ( Herdy & Moffeit, 2004, p. )... Lists and statistics, she was still having many health problems and social issues illustrate this trend, two. Were made in health care from social science issues related to war veterans Administration, 38 have killed themselves, our hearts go!, 2012, February 5 ) Defense outlays leadership ; 28 % of list types., and other drugs, many were unemployed, and personal views think of the factors that influenced.
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